In my last post of this series I discussed the VBA Monitor mechanism that can be used to execute code anytime Visual Basic application is started. Today’s topic is similar and talks about yet another internal Microsoft component that could be abused to load arbitrary code – this time it happens anytime the application crashes. As far as I can tell, it only works on XP, so it’s a bit old and not that practically useful, but given the fact XP is still out there in large quantities it is worth documenting it.

The component that we will abuse is called OAClient. It is an agent that is a part of a distributed test management system called Oasys (Office Automation System) and which is used internally by Microsoft to test their Office suites.

How do I know?

I have read about it in this pdf (‘Exploring Cross-Platform Testing Strategies at Microsoft”) that I found online while looking for the meaning of the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\OASys\OAClient key – and I looked for it, because I spotted this key being queried by DWWIN.EXE anytime the application crashes under Windows XP.

Once I found out, all I had to do is to add the key, force the application to crash

– so that DWWIN.EXE is launched and then confirm that the presence of the OAClient key leads the DWWIN.EXE to attempt loading of the BTLOG.DLL file from c:\windows\system32.

There you have it.

To reproduce:

• Create %windir%\system32\BTLOG.DLL
• Add HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\OASys\OAClient
• Now launch the application that crashes and loads DWWIN.EXE as a result of the crash (e.g. copy notepad.exe to notepad2.exe and patch its entry point with 0xCC = int 3); the DWWIN.EXE will load the btlog.dll.

.

The subject of today’s post is an obscure autorun mechanism that targets specifically users of applications written in Visual Basic. The trick forces VB applications to load a specific DLL into the context of the application. Let me repeat it – this particular autorun mechanism will trigger anytime someone runs an application written in Visual Basic so it’s sort of a random autorun which I believe is still very reliable – after all, VB applications are very popular and many people use them on daily basis.

If you ever ‘procmonned’ any VB application you might have noticed that at some stage it is checking the content of the following registry key:

• HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\VBA\Monitors

The VB app (or, more precisely MSVBVM60 DLL) enumerates this registry node (if it exists) looking for subkeys which in turn are later queried for a few specific values.

The mechanism appears to be designed for debugging/monitoring purposes because one of the values the VB apps query for is called EnableEventMonitor. The registry keys  used by this mechanism point to Event Monitoring DLLs that can be loaded into the process space of the VB application. The loading happens via CoCreateInstance API utilizing  some unknown interface referenced via GUID DE32EFB0-4A56-11D1-AA89-00008612DCF1.

Knowing what expected values are allows us to craft a registry file that will help us to add our own VB monitor:

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\VBA\Monitors\TestMonitor]
"EnableEventMonitor"=dword:00000001
"CLSID"="foobar"

[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\foobar]

[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\foobar\Clsid]
@="{00000000-0000-0000-0000-FFFFFFFFFFFF}"

[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{00000000-0000-0000-0000-FFFFFFFFFFFF}\InprocServer32]
"ThreadingModel"="Apartment"
@="<your path>\\test.dll"

Just to quickly walk through it, we are adding the TestMonitor entry under:

• HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\VBA\Monitors

We then enable it by setting the value of EnableEventMonitor to 1.

After that we are linking it to the HKCR entry that in turn links it to the actual DLL via the CLSID value (it’s actually a bit misleading name for the value since this particular CLSID doesn’t need to look like a regular GUID).

As a result CLSID entry under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\VBA\Monitors\TestMonitor (foobar in our case) points to the entry under HKCR (HKCR\foobar in our case), and that entry points to the typical COM server entry via its Default value (pointing in our case to 00000000-0000-0000-0000-FFFFFFFFFFFF). And of course, the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{00000000-0000-0000-0000-FFFFFFFFFFFF}\InprocServer32 points to our DLL.

I hope you are confused 🙂

After we add the registry entries all we need to do now is dropping our test dll file in the <your path>\\test.dll location.

Running a simple ‘Hello World’ application written in VB loads the specified dll – in my case the test DLL sends notifications to the debugger and these can be intercepted with a Debug View:

The procmon log is much richer this time:

Notably, the DLL doesn’t need to implement any COM functionality. CoCreateInstance will load it as a DLL library, and then query for the interface; it is not implemented, but the code execution is achieved. One could obviously add DLL exports to handle the COM requests and maybe even implement the mystery interface.

Last, but not least. Instead of EnableEventMonitor value set to 1 (which is a global setting), one can use Environment variable  called VBAEV_<name of the monitor> and set it prior to running VB program in the environment of that targeted VB application.

In our case it would be:

set VBAEV_TestMonitor=1

helloworld.exe

launched from a command line. This would make the VB app launch with the inherited environment from the command line processor in which we set the VBAEV_TestMonitor to 1. This will ensure we load a DLL only to the helloworld.exe, but not other VB applications.

Update 2016

It turns our that I have not explored all the possibilities here – the very same mechanism is used by the Visual Basic Engine libraries (VBE6.dll, VBE7.dll) that are responsible for running Visual Basic for Applications code (yes, the Office macros). Not a big surprise, but worth documenting and only shows how close the source code of these VB products must be…

So, as long as the system’s user is working with the macrodocuments, or using VBA in Outlook, the malware could leverage this key as a persistence mechanism.